Sunifiram (DM-235) is a benzoylpiperazine designed at the University of Florence in 2000 as a simplified analogue of piracetam.
Amounts reported for Sunifiram are listed under Reported protocols, each with its source and study kind. No amount ladder is inferred from them. This is educational source context, not a protocol or recommendation.
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What published studies and recent community write-ups report about amounts, timing and course length. 4 preclinical and 3 community-reported rows, each linked to its source. These are descriptions of what others report, not instructions, and nothing here is medical advice.
| Context | Dose | Frequency | Route | Course | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Preclinical4 rows | |||||
| Original mouse and rat pharmacologyMice in a passive avoidance test and rats in a Morris water maze, with scopolamine and other amnesic drugs | 0.001-0.1 mg/kg by injection or 0.01-0.1 mg/kg by mouth in mice; 0.1 mg/kg by injection in rats | Single dose before each session | Intraperitoneal or oral | Acute; daily before each water-maze acquisition session in ratsNot applicable | Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology (PubMed)2002 |
| DM235 prevented amnesia induced by scopolamine, mecamylamine, baclofen and clonidine at doses about a thousand times lower than piracetam (30-100 mg/kg) and did not impair motor coordination or spontaneous activity at the highest effective doses. These are microgram-per-kilogram rodent figures with no human equivalent established. | |||||
| Olfactory bulbectomised mice (Alzheimer-type model)Mice with olfactory bulbectomy, a model of cholinergic degeneration and memory loss | 0.01-1.0 mg/kg | Once daily | Oral | 7-12 days, starting 10 days after surgeryNot applicable | Behavioural Brain Research (PubMed)2013 |
| Sunifiram restored Y-maze and novel object recognition performance and hippocampal long-term potentiation, and normalised CaMKII and PKC phosphorylation, with the effects blocked by a glycine-site NMDA receptor inhibitor. It did not relieve depressive behaviour in the same animals. | |||||
| Hippocampal slice electrophysiologyMouse hippocampal CA1 slices | 10-100 nanomolar for long-term potentiation; 1-1000 nanomolar for field potential slope | Bath application | In vitro | AcuteNot applicable | Hippocampus (PubMed)2013 |
| Sunifiram enhanced NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation with a bell-shaped curve peaking at 10 nanomolar, acting through the glycine-binding site of the NMDA receptor and Src and PKC-alpha signalling, and failed to potentiate when the slices were pre-saturated with glycine. A bell-shaped response means more drug gave less effect in this system. | |||||
| Inventor's account of the compound reaching the marketReview of the Florence group's work on unifiram and sunifiram | Compounds described as four orders of magnitude (10,000 times) more potent than piracetam in the group's animal models | Not applicable | Not applicable | Not applicableNot applicable | Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry (PubMed)2016 |
| Fulvio Gualtieri, who led the group that made the compound, recounts that unifiram and sunifiram were never patented and that twelve years after disclosure he found dozens of websites selling them as cognitive enhancers for healthy people, despite only a few preclinical studies and unknown long-term toxicity. The 2006 pharmacology review from the same group is the source of the potency comparison. | |||||
| Community-reported3 rows | |||||
| Editorial evidence summary | 4-10 mg, user-reported | Not established; users describe single doses | Sublingual, as described by users | Not establishedNot established | Community resource2026 |
| This March 2026 page states plainly that no human trial exists, that the 4-10 mg sublingual range is what users report rather than a protocol, and that potent AMPA and NMDA potentiation carries a theoretical excitotoxicity and seizure risk. It records user complaints of insomnia, anxiety, headache and jaw clenching, frequent problems when stacked with other racetams or stimulants, and at least one reported hospitalisation. | |||||
| Nootropic review site dosing summary | 5-10 mg per dose | Up to three times a day | Oral or sublingual | Not specified; cycling rather than continuous use suggested by some usersNot specified | Community resource2021 |
| This 2021 review acknowledges that only animal studies exist and that dosage recommendations cannot be clinically backed, then relays a 5-10 mg figure drawn from user reports and the rodent potency ratio. It also quotes a forum user taking 25 mg four times a week, and lists sweating, salivation, headache, nasal congestion and insomnia as user-reported side effects. | |||||
| Vendor research-use listing (spelled Sunifram) | 10 mg per capsule, 60 capsules per bottle | Not stated (sold for laboratory research only) | Oral capsule format | Not statedNot stated | Community resource2026 |
| Vendor claim. The vendor lists the product under the misspelling Sunifram, as 10 mg capsules with an ISO 17025 certificate for lot SN01 (10.12 mg measured, identity confirmed). The page cites a single 2022 medicinal chemistry paper, gives no dosing information and states the product is not for human consumption. | |||||
Plus 3 community resources (dosing guides, forum threads and vendor write-ups), reported above but not linked.
Sunifiram (DM-235) is a benzoylpiperazine designed at the University of Florence in 2000 as a simplified analogue of piracetam. In mice it prevented drug-induced amnesia at roughly a thousandth of the piracetam dose, but it has never been studied in humans, has no pharmacokinetic or toxicology data beyond short animal experiments, and its own inventor has written that it reached the online nootropic market without a patent or any safety programme. Vendors often spell it Sunifram, and the 5-10 mg amounts quoted online are extrapolations from rodent work and user reports.
These themes describe recurring questions in published research. They are not claims of effectiveness or recommendations for use.
Neuroplasticity, cognition, stress and sleep models.
DM235 prevented amnesia induced by scopolamine, mecamylamine, baclofen and clonidine at doses about a thousand times lower than piracetam (30-100 mg/kg) and did not impair motor coordination or spontaneous activity at.
Sunifiram restored Y-maze and novel object recognition performance and hippocampal long-term potentiation, and normalised CaMKII and PKC phosphorylation, with the effects blocked by a glycine-site NMDA receptor.
Sunifiram enhanced NMDA receptor-dependent long-term potentiation with a bell-shaped curve peaking at 10 nanomolar, acting through the glycine-binding site of the NMDA receptor and Src and PKC-alpha signalling, and.
Fulvio Gualtieri, who led the group that made the compound, recounts that unifiram and sunifiram were never patented and that twelve years after disclosure he found dozens of websites selling them as cognitive.
This March 2026 page states plainly that no human trial exists, that the 4-10 mg sublingual range is what users report rather than a protocol, and that potent AMPA and NMDA potentiation carries a theoretical.
Study models remain visible so laboratory and animal findings are not mistaken for established human outcomes.
4 protocol rows describe animal, cell or toxicology work. Amounts from these rows do not translate to people.
3 rows record what blogs, vendor write-ups or forums describe for Sunifiram. None has been verified against primary literature.
Sequence, synonyms and registry identifiers as recorded in PubChem, the National Library of Medicine's open chemistry database. Formula, mass and CAS number are summarized at the top of the page.
DM-235, DM235, 1-(4-Benzoyl-1-piperazinyl)-1-propanone, Piperazine, 1-benzoyl-4-(1-oxopropyl)-, UNII 66924E735K, CHEMBL309176, Lopac-D-5689
DGOWDUFJCINDGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1-(4-benzoylpiperazin-1-yl)propan-1-one
6 curated references, each with its journal, year and study model, plus 3 community resources reported but not linked.